What Was the Beast of Gevaudan? conclusion

by Derek Brockis

Who stole my heart away?


Whoever she was, she was no maiden to choose for a goodnight kiss unless your have an unusual taste or your new Tax Return is late. With her, the Last Waltz meant just that. She killed through cunning, surprise and speed, not rash boldness and strength, evidencing a careful professional judgment of risk against profit. The index-linked civil servants tried to prevent her from working, like they always feel compelled to do with entrepreneurs but she survived and kept them in jobs too.

The church also was ostensibly against this working girl making an honest living but she proved to be prayer-proof. For example, several churches were the rendezvous for processions of supplicants on 18/19 August 1765 and other dates. Besseyre, Nôtre Dame de Beaulieu, Venteuges, Pébrac and Paulhac (old church probably destroyed in war) were some of them. There was ceremonial movement of icons of the Madonna between various churches and some of them can still be seen in the places to which they were delivered by the anti-Bête processions two hundred years ago.

Study of frequency and location of attacks using computers and backs of envelopes supports the contention that more than one beast prowled but locals then and now reject the idea of several, although many reports exist of smaller animals seen both alone and with their mother. To the French, La Bête is an Edith Piaf and will remain so. Both were unique stars with neighing voices and no regrets. On the other hand, who ever heard of a French lady lacking boy friends, Joan of Arc possibly excepted.?

Perhaps the Wulver - that burly but unaggressive Scottish werewolf, allegedly seen in the Shetlands this century - should have been introduced to our fiery Madame to cool her temper. By now those farmers could be assailed by wicked Lady Macbête plus her bairns. Only French farmers deserve such suffering. It is best to laugh at dark corners.

Another overseas candidate as La Bête, in addition to the legendary Nandi bear from Africa, who also had a penchant for rapid head removal, is the famous, mythical and dangerous Canadian beast called the Wendigo - elusive, frequents lonely forests and loves children. A French Canadian Bête would, after all, be appropriate.

If it is acceptable to consider La Bête might have been a surviving prehistoric animal, the one that most closely resembles her appearance is the Mesonychid. This was a wolf-like mammal, an early ancestor of the dolphin, with wide jaw, spots, mobile tail etc.

The thylacine marsupial wolf of Tasmania, alive as recently as 1934 and still occasionally reported, for which a cooking recipe exists (no, not vin-de-loup) is easily dismissed as too puny for the job. However, tails strong enough to knock people over were possessed by larger prehistoric carnivorous marsupials like the Thylacoleo. Such an unusual tail often appears in La Bête descriptions, as do other kangaroo-like features. Another Australian contender, although an unlikely one, being relatively small, is an animal still occasionally reported but which probably became extinct in the 19th or early 20th century. This is the Tasmanian or Queensland tiger, the subject of a TV program, which was marsupial and rather like a wolf with claws, probably resembling the extinct tiger-dog of Japan, which is another possible but uninvestigated candidate.

One report of La Bête describes a strange animal killed and buried in the Pinols region in July 1766. There had been deaths there since 1765. It was recorded by curate Bergier, whose description resembles that of a very large baboon but unfortunately only limited information is available and the killings did not cease with the death of this beast. Crude drawings remain.

Romulus and Remus were allegedly suckled by a wolf, so perhaps a human returned the compliment to an animal, which might explain where she obtained support, if any was needed, when wounded or during the long periods - sometimes months - which could elapse between killings. There are other accounts of humans being brought up by animals. Part of the Gévaudan area was renamed Aveyron shortly after the French Revolution in 1789. Books titled The Wild Boy of Aveyron, who was allegedly a wolf-child, were published in 1962 and 1976.

Not previously recorded in the La Bête saga, registered here almost certainly for the first time in this context, is the fact that a strange and haunting drawing originated in Italy in 1495 of a woman/monster with claws and horse-like head, washed up from the River Tiber. This is yet another unexplained beast story that had a significant effect on the Catholic church.

The idea that La Bête was a human/animal hybrid rears its particularly revolting head in some books. Such are reputed to have existed, almost all degenerate and shambling creatures. For example there is even an obscure story that a man/beast monster was brought back by the Royal Navy and kept in secret on a small rocky islet off the South Coast, being led around on a leash. Obviously not her, or it would have been ''Hello sailorburger''. Such an aristocrat of killing as La Bête deserves to keep her thoroughbred reputation, not that of a monster from a horror comic.

On 29th January 1997 the first edition of a Fortean TV series on the 'Unexplained' was broadcast by Channel 4. The program reported on a strange vampire-like beast: 'The Goat Sucker of Puerto Rico', nicknamed El Chupacabras. This creature has killed 150 goats in the Canavoras region by sucking their blood and liver through neat incisions in the neck. Other animals - cattle, rabbits and chickens - have also been killed but, so far, no humans. The army has been called to investigate.

Drawings from eye-witness reports show it to resemble no known animal, being kangaroo-like, fast, strong and able to stand on 2 feet. Footprints of three-clawed toes have been found at killing sites. The drawings and TV representations bear a resemblance to La Bête, who also was usually reported as first licking or sucking blood from victims, devouring them only afterwards. Reports have been received from US and elsewhere of attacks on animals by similar beasts. On 19th November 1997 a program based on El Chupacabras, referred to as a weird creature in Mexican folklore, was broadcast in the X Files series but strayed from the original vampire-like monster legend.

So far evidence is sketchy. The animal as reported shows similarities to La Bête but there are big differences. Its incisions are neat, whereas hers could be untidy - you can’t call tearing-off heads neat. It has been reported as having three-clawed toes; she was not often reported with three but hers were also sometimes said to be clawed. If El Chupacabras ever graduates almost exclusively to humans, moves faster, operates mainly in the daytime and adopts less tidy eating habits, we can perhaps say, "La Bête has returned".

According to the TV program, explanations considered include an alien or the outcome of genetic experiments at an American military base. These trains of thought mirror those which have taken place - so far unsuccessfully - over the last 230 years to explain La Bête, for example the possibility that La Bête was an alien or caused by alien experiments has recently been studied in France and views published. Closing scenes of the film 'Species' show a female alien who, although furless, uncomfortably resembles La Bête in speed, style and murderous intent. Before dismissing the alien concept remember that for over two centuries clever people have unsuccessfully sought a solution to the Bête mystery. Under these circumstances the apparently impossible must be admitted as a possibility. No, that is not quite what Sherlock Holmes said.

The classic black and white film 'The Night of the Demon' has a large unforgettable clawed monster, one of the best ever. La Bête can reasonably be described in appearance and behavior as a fast moving mini-version of this and also resembles other traditional demons. Funny how our concept of wolf-like monsters has changed so little over the centuries and is consistent world-wide.

The Hindus believe in a terrible blood-drinking feminine spirit called Kali, dedicated to destroying life to allow for re-creation. She is sometimes represented as clawed, hideous woman and has been worshipped by Thugees for more thousands of years than Christianity has centuries. Victims are left with broken necks, mutilated, in shallow graves. To quote her fellow-worker Shiva, 'Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds'. In a hot Bengal night the life re-cycling concept of Kali does not seem as unlikely as it does by a de Quincey style Lake District fireside in November.

Some writings about La Bête refer to mysterious caves, prehistoric bones, once collected for fertilizer, and suspiciously knowledgeable individuals but one question apparently never researched is whether any of the famous cave drawings and paintings in the area show an animal - of known or unknown species - that might have been La Bête's ancestor? The recent discovery of important caves containing 20,000 year-old drawings of animals ranging from rhinos to mammoths in the neighboring Vallon Pont-d'Arc region ( to the South East - the Vivarais direction from which she was first reported) gives food for thought. A famous Cro-Magnon cave painting of an odd, upright creature called 'The Sorcerer' exists at Les Trois Frères. At nearby Le Moustier there is a cave containing the world's earliest known ceremonial burial, that of a Neanderthal nicknamed 'Nandy'. There is a museum at Chilhac showing remains of animals going back 2.5 million years. Prehistoric people drew and fought animals which have become extinct (or have they?) only since the council erected the new play area at Stonehenge. Like our own House of Lords, the Gévaudan district contains some of the world's best preserved and most numerous remnants of early intelligent human activity. Incidentally, she was last witnessed in September 1767 strolling peacefully along in Sarlat, also a prehistoric cave area.

In establishing the identity of La Bête one apparently neglected information source is old family records. The use of surnames, especially those with titles, is particularly well controlled and documented in France so the descendants of most people involved are traceable. For example there are still members of the ‘Barthe’ family in the district, one of whose ancestors, a nobleman, was among the first and best witnesses of La Bête. Unpublished information hides for centuries in old drawers and teenage daughters' bedrooms. Pity the French never ask you home.

Truth may sparkle one day to someone with long bar bill and pickled liver who, Western hero style, strides into local brasseries and asks questions, finally expiring as La Bête's last victim - Number 96 or 101, according to which statistics you accept. Liver (raw no onions) was always her favorite entrée following a warm blood consommé - free lunch for the aristocrat of killing who dined royally by daylight.

Plump tomes, written in sunny Auvergne wineshine, expansively affirm she was not hyena, wolf or human but none tells what she damn well was. Entries on a postcard please. No prizes, not after the blind dinner date.


Ceci tuera cela (This will kill that) (Victor Hugo)


She last definitely killed on 18th June 1767 at Dèsges. Fittingly her final victim is the unknown warrior - an unidentified little girl. Sadly we can never know her name or if she was meant to bear four pretty children. All right, a paradox but so is everything about La Bête. Although there were outbreaks of killings by very similar beasts in the 17th and 19th centuries, after this last one La Bête, as La Bête, vanishes from the world scene, although some husbands might reasonably claim to have married her.

A meticulous and outstandingly elegant French hunting weapons book by Dominique Venner, a man, by the way, published 1984 refers briefly but carefully to her on Pages 113/114.

English comments made at the time consist mainly of newspaper articles, indignantly recorded by Abbé Pourcher in his famous book, which scathingly report that a French army of 12,000 had been routed by a beast. Some beast! It is surprising so little has been written on La Bête outside France when you consider her splendid achievements as a serial killer. Jack the Ripper officially killed only 5 victims, all women, over a period of 10 autumn weeks (not as foggy as films depict), whereas La Bête often had a mixed bag of 4 or 5 within a single week, for example during a snowy 1st to 7th January 1765 and another 95 over 3 years, once killing 2 and maiming 1 on a mid-summer's solstice. As usual, the French do it better and she elegantly beat Jack’s score by nearly a century not-out, no doubt would have killed JR too, given une demi-chance.

One of the few considered English comments appears in 'Walking through France' by Neillands on Pages 142/155. The dates he mentions are confusing and apparently incorrect, suggesting Bête activity as far back as 1745, which is earlier than elsewhere recorded. He describes St-Juéry, where he stayed, as being ravaged by both La Bête in 1764 and, in 1944, by the Waffen-SS from the Das Reich Division. Even in 1988 Neillands admits he was glad to be sleeping within the friendly claw-proof walls of the Hotel du Bès and not outside under thin canvas. Incidentally, a Monsieur Bès of Bessière wrote a manuscript on a sighting and chase of 23rd December 1764 by a young subaltern called Dulaurier. He had just drawn his saber to strike La Bête when she jumped over a wall and ran across a marsh where his horse could not follow.

A 1992 expensive Canadian book 'Wolf hunting in France in the reign of Louis XV' by R. H. Thompson deals extensively with La Bête, contending that there can be satisfactory explanations based on large wolves for all her depredations.

On the other hand, Denneval, a Norman squire known for his surly directness, recognized as the greatest wolf expert in 18th century France and having the advantage (?) of actually being in charge on the spot, firmly and officially asserted that there was indeed something very strange going on in Gévaudan and that "La Bête is no wolf". Perhaps that was just because he couldn’t catch her.

Which one do we believe?

Another recent article writer, C.H.D. Clarke, is an expert in North American wolves. Firstly, he reprimands those who refer to La Bête as a legend, strongly pointing out that she was definitely no legend but was hard fact and really existed. His second important observation is: ‘The certainty that no rabies was involved meant that there was something going on that was without precedent.’ Rabid wolf attacks are clumsy compared with La Bête's elegant handbaggings. He considers that one explanation of La Bête is there was more than one and they resulted from a natural cross breeding between large dog, possibly of an Italian hunting breed, and wild wolf. Clarke quotes 21 references in his study. His explanation for the Bête phenomenon is supported by reports published elsewhere of vigorous hybrids between wolf and large dog, for example the wolf of Argenton, killed in 1884. Another candidate for cross-breeding with wolf might be the Lycaon - a carniverous wild hunting dog still active, and feared, in Africa. It is perhaps a little small but is very savage and cunning. A cross with a wolf would be a formidable animal and a litter of them loose in a district could well be taken as an abnormal phenomenon. The presence of African animals - hyenas etc. - in the Gévaudan is recorded in cave drawings over thousands of years and even today there are attempts to re-establish them in large game parks.

There are connections between the works of Grimm, Rousseau, Stevenson and La Bête. Grimm, apparently, was a friend of Rousseau by whom a poem was written on the famous fight between Portefaix, protecting his six child companions, against La Bête on 12th January 1765 at Vileret d'Apcher. Robert Louis Stevenson possibly based his "beautiful shepherdess" stories on a girl from Paulhac who was killed by her.

What coincidental patterns she weaves. For example, Stevenson carefully includes her in his famous 'Travels with a donkey in the Cévennes', written 1879, particularly admiring her bravery in attacking in daylight a party of couriers armed with pistols and swords. His summation is incomparable: 'if all wolves had been as this wolf they would have changed the history of man.’ Then by 1886 he writes 'Jekyll and Hyde'. We will never know if his werewolf -like theme - changing, hairy hands etc. - was based on La Bête but it is reasonable to conclude that she played a part. The book opened as a play in London in 1888 just as Jack the Ripper simultaneously started his, compared with La Bête, meager series of 5 murders. In the war German troops destroyed two villages where La Bête prowled and a chance German bomb on Bournemouth hit the house in which Stevenson had died .

Some further examples of what we call coincidences:

The old oak table on which this article has been written was made by Filmer & Sons, Berner Street for the home of Dr. Langdon Down, who described Down's Syndrome in 1866. His Kingston upon Thames mansion - Normansfield, - became and still is a hospital. Some say the Ripper was a medical man. An alley off Berner Street is where Elizabeth Stride died of a severed windpipe and Berner Street itself was a centre of Ripper activity. Incidentally, 'berner' is an old French verb for to mock or make fun of. Some do say the Ripper - usually described as about 5 feet 7 inches tall - was a woman; there was talk of Jill the Ripper at the time and who had more motive for killing those sad, loose ladies than someone whose husband or son had been ruined by them? Confusing, but can we admit the concept of infinite situations created to allow all possible connections? A long way from our simple Bête, or is it? Only a god could create such a complicated and extensive system so perhaps Gabriel Florent, wordy bishop of Mende, was not wrong after all when he, like Abbé Pourcher, referred to her in his famous mandate as 'The Scourge of God' and attributed supernatural, indeed heavenly, powers to her.

Another author apparently influenced by La Bête was Jakob Ludwig Grimm of Brothers Grimm fame who published Red Riding Hood as 'Rotkäppchen' in approx. 1812, a work recognized as having deep significance. He had been librarian to Jerome Bonaparte, being expert in antiquities and mythology - not that La Bête was a myth, her 'All the better to eat you with' was backed-up by real teeth. Incidentally, the first clearly recorded Red Riding Hood fairy story is attributed to a Frenchman, Charles Perrault, a great classical historian. It appeared in his book ‘Stories of Times Past’ in 1697.

The famous Nostradamus, in spite of his Latinised pen-name, was a Frenchman named Michel de Nostradame, born 1503 in Provence, who spent most of his life studying, working in and travelling between places later associated with La Bête, such as Avignon ( La Bête was widely reported in the Avignon Gazette) and Montpellier, the city from which the military hunt for La Bête was directed by the Count of Moncan, a cautious but capable organizer, who can take the credit for ordering Captain Duhamel into the fray but handled very delicately an official request that the local population be armed against La Bête with firearms from his arsenals.

One of Nostradamus’ prophecies for mid-18th century France states:

'Mars threatens us with the belligerent force.

Blood will be made to spread out 70 times.

The church will grow, suffer harm and more to those who would listen to nothing of them.'

Not too far out, was he, especially as there is nothing else obviously relevant to this particular prophecy?

Allow him another one:

'The lost thing, hidden for so many centuries is discovered.

Pasteur will be honored almost as a demi-god.

Dishonour shall come by other winds when the moon finishes her great cycle '.

Be careful with that cloning!

In the Place des Cordeliers, Marvejols there is, by the sculptor Auricoste, a contemporary style statue bringing out her cunning brutality. However, La Bête was never seen in Marvejols, so why they have a statue is another mystery. Perhaps they are jealous of the towns and villages she really did haunt. "Mon Dieu, they have Une Bête and we do not!" Shades of Clochemerle. The inscription claims the statue to be her but in fact it is of only the deformed animal killed by Jean Chastel, so perhaps it is just a cunning spoiling act. They even held a Bête exhibition in the Mairie - the Town Hall - at Marvejols in 1958.

The church at St Alban-sur-Limagnole has La Bête as its weathercock - in memoriam as in life she remains inaccessible and knows just which way the wind is blowing.

Most parts of the world take particular stories or legends to heart - hero or beast, distilling them out from all the rest to reflect exactly the character of the country. In England we have King Arthur and Robin Hood. In America they have Mickey Mouse and Davey Crockett. In France La Bête is still alive because she represents the tough Auvergne landscape and its independent people who often have had to fight occupying troops and oppressive bureaucracy.

Maybe its not too late for her to take an evening stroll round the streets of expense account restaurants in Brussels. Bon appétit, Bête.


Well, what do YOU think she was?


The question Bête students fear. It always feels undignified and rude simply to answer, "I don't know." Some modern experts in wolves who never hunted her think she must have been a wolf but hunters on the spot at the time held very different opinions, as did the cripples suffering in squalor and poverty from her blurringly fast unbelievably wide-ranging attacks.

No article on La Bête is complete unless it clearly states the opinion of Abbé Pierre Pourcher, the meticulous author of by far the greatest and longest (1040 small pages) book on the subject, which was personally approved by Pope Léon XIII. Pourcher’s interpretation of the mystery is entirely religiously based, sober and critical. His concept is La Bête was just the deformed wolf-like animal killed by Jean Chastel in 1767 but that it had been aided by God as a Scourge to correct human wickedness, being brought on specifically by bad behaviour and unacceptable changes in church ritual. This heavenly aid, not being a monster, explained to Pourcher her power and invulnerability. He repeats, several times, that she was something very abnormal: "Her cunning, skill and mobility, even her very existence, were completely beyond human understanding." The highly respected - Gabriel Florent - Bishop of Mende at the time of La Bête agreed with Pourcher.

There are many different views on what she was - about twenty books have been written - and almost all the other authors do not agree with Pourcher. They are fairly equally divided between conventional explanations - large wolves, cross-breeds, tricks with hyenas etc. and the abnormal - alien, mutant, prehistoric etc. There are also differing opinions among authors on La Bête as to the character of the Chastels - father and son. Pourcher records Jean Chastel as being a man of very good character whereas, for example, Chevalley, in his semi-fictional novel, regards the family with suspicion, even to the extent of surmising there might have been some deception or cross-breeding involving a hyena. It is alleged his son, Antoine, had been a prisoner, castrated and tortured in the Middle East. Incidentally, the hyena species, which hunts as much as it scavenges, is genetically more similar to cat than dog, being of the feline family Feloidea, which certainly opens up the possibility of a terribly formidable cross-breed, such as hyena and big cat. In any event, the Chastel name is closely associated with the La Bête mystery but whether justifiably and, if so, for good or evil has never become clear.

To answer a difficult question like the identity of La Bête try shooting sighting-shots at the two extremes and hope the third shot lands, navy style, correctly in the middle.

At one extreme let us say she never existed, being only rumor arising from attacks by a few large wolves, which may have been cross-bred or deformed, and a rise in cases of rabies. The Jesuits may have invented or exaggerated her to shepherd members of their flock back into loyalty to the church, which was under political pressure from 1761 onwards. Some Huguenots, terribly persecuted and almost wiped out by the Jesuits in the past, welcomed her as an excuse to be armed. Hotheads of all types used her - ultimately successfully - to foment revolution. Even Louis XV might have taken advantage of the opportunity to send his troops to an increasingly unruly district. All these possibilities have been repeatedly analysed in literature on La Bête. On the other hand, we have graves and 100 corpses - a lot compared with the modest scores of most serial killers. We have hundreds, maybe thousands, of individual and collective eye witnessings, sometimes by whole dioceses en masse - intelligent French people of all ranks reporting to every type of state and religious body. We have a vast quantity of manuscripts, diagrams and other records authenticated by the highest possible religious, military and state bodies and by respected individuals, such as ministers, dukes and generals. Conspirators probably could not have murdered 100 people over four years and fabricated all the evidence without being suspected at least once. The more likely situation is that some parties took what advantage they could of the existence of a real beast rather than inventing one when there was no need to.

At the other extreme, we could accept that she was something unique in recorded human experience:- an alien, mutant or surviving prehistoric monster. Only such explanations fully satisfy the records of her speed, elusiveness and cunning.

You can, of course, choose to dismiss La Bête as merely a large wolf but you will find those two very uncomfortable words ‘and yet’ keep coming to mind.

It is for the reader to decide from the unbiased information honestly presented here, and any obtainable from other sources, where between the two extremes the truth lies.


Mal bloss den Teufel nicht an die Wand!

(Talk of the Devil and he will appear)


Whatever it, or she, was, something strong, fast and clever painted the green French countryside red for three years two centuries ago without being caught. A warning perhaps against genetically creating intelligent beings who regard humans as free lunches, not lords of creation.

To the explanation for this particular naughty lady of shady lanes the only limitation is your imagination.

After 200 years just a faint echo remains of the terrible shadow La Bête cast in the 18th century so should she still be feared? Walk thoughtfully alone in a darkening wood or on misty Bodmin moor and find the answer.

When twigs crack, don't whistle.


Bibliography (mainly major publications):


The main book on the subject: ‘Histoire de La Bête du Gévaudan’ by Abbé Pierre Pourcher 1889; 1040 small pages, translated for the first time into English as ‘The Beast of Gevaudan’ (ISBN No. O 9532879 0 4) by the author of this article.


The following are all in French:


Histoire des Armes - Dominique Venner 1984. Weapons. Brief 2 page comment only.

Histoire Fidèle de La Bête. Henri Pourrat. 1946. Atmospheric local author.

La Bête du Gévaudan in Auvergne. Fabre, Abbé François. Saint Flour. 1901 and Paris 1930. Historical.

Hunting. Magné de Marolles 1781. Wolf-hunting expert

La Bête du Gévaudan. Abel Chevalley. Paris 1936. Semi-fictional.

La Bête du Gévaudan. Felix Buffière. 1994. General.

La Bête du Gévaudan. Gérard Menatory. 1984. Analytical.

La Bête du Gévaudan. M. Moreau-Bellecroix. Paris. 1945.

La Bête qui mangeait le monde. Abbé Xavier Pic. Mende 1968 and Paris 1971. Historical.

La Bête du Gévaudan unmasked by computers. Jean-Jacques Barloy. 1980.


±© Word count: 9,530.


Related Links

The Beast of Gevaudan official web site (in French mostly)

 



 

 

 

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